Association between air pollutants and digestive system cancers: a systematic review / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To understand the relationship between air pollutants and digestive system cancers, and to provide a reference for future research and prevention and control of digestive system cancer. Methods All relevant literature published in English between 1970-2022 was searched through the databases of PubMed, web of science and Embase, and meta-analysis was used to explore the effects of specific air pollutants on digestive system cancers. Results PM2.5 was able to increase the risk of incidence or mortality of total digestive cancers by 11% (1.05 to 1.17). For specific cancers, PM2.5 was only associated with an increased risk of liver cancer in this study, with a combined RR (95% CI) of 1.31 (1.19 to 1.46), while there was no statistically significant association with other specific digestive cancers ( P>0.05）. NO2 increased the risk of incidence or mortality of total digestive cancers by 3% (1.00 to 1.07). Conclusion For specific digestive system cancers, PM2.5 has the most pronounced effect on liver cancer. More evidence is needed to support the relationship between NO2 and cancer. Currently, it has been observed that NO2 has a negative effect on overall digestive cancers. This study provides insights for the prevention and control of digestive system cancer in countries and regions with high PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations.

Analysis of the final test paper of medical statisticsin nursing undergraduates from Peking Union Medical College / 基础医学与临床

Objective To learn the overall results of the final test paper in nursing undergraduates of Peking Union Medical College, and to provide the theoretical support for teaching quality assessment of nursing undergraduates.Methods The difficulty coefficient, the discrimination index, the reliability (Cronbach α coefficient) and the degree of coverage were analyzed based on education measurement and education statistical methods.Results The mean total score was 67.8±12.5, ranged from 38 to 95.The difficulty coefficient, the discrimination index and the Cronbach α coefficient were 0.68, 0.30 and 0.71 respectively.The rates of loss score were 33.8% for choice questions, 37.2% for completion questions, 22.5%for true or false questions and 24.8% for calculation questions respectively.Among the total 30 examination questions, the proportions of the most difficult ones, the difficult ones, the moderate ones, the easy ones and the easiest ones were 30.0%,13.3%,20.0%,20.0% and 16.7% respectively.28 examination questions (93.3%) had the best or better discrimination.Conclusions The test paper held the moderate difficulty and the good discrimination, reliability and the degree of coverage.The results of the examination accurately reflect the knowledge and ability of the students.In addition, more attention should be paidto improve the knowledge of nursing undergraduates on the importance of the medical statistics in medical scientific research.

The systematic review on the appraisal research of the rationality of blood transfusion in some districts / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective To explore the rationality of clinical blood transfusion since the Ministry of Health enacted the The Technical Criterion of Clinic Blood Transfusion' in 2000. Methods Retrieved the literatures on the appraisal of rationality of clinic blood transfusion published in core journal between 2000 and 2010, and analyzed the rationality of clinical blood transfusion in recent 10 years. Results In 35 literatures entered, the proportion of appropriate blood transfusion of platelet was the highest compaved with the lowest proportion of plasma. the proportion of appropriate blood transfusion in operational department is higher than that in non-operational department. The primary reason of inappropriate blood transfusion is transfusion without indications. Conclusion The proportion of appropriate blood transfusion in china is low. The government should enhance the regulation of blood usage,and the public should he educated to realize the importarce of appropriote blood transfusion in order to promote it to develop healthily.

Serial study on the association between body mass index and hypertension in rural Japanese

The objective of this study was to examine the association between body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure. Two sets of cross-sectional data were obtained from annual health examinations for adults aged 40 years and over (n=1,327 in 1993; n=1,302 in 2000) in Tsunagi area of Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. BMI was associated with mean blood pressure and with prevalence of hypertension both in 1993 and 2000. The association was independent of age, smoking status and alcohol consumption. A significant increase in risk of hypertension was found in most categories of BMI 25.0 and above, and a greater than three fold increase in those with BMI of 27 and above compared with those with BMI of 18.5-22.9. Although mean blood pressure and prevalence of hypertension sharply decreased in 2000 compared with that in 1993, BMI was positively and independently associated with increased blood pressure.

Serial Study on the Association between Body Mass Index and Hypertension in Rural Japanese

The objective of this study was to examine the association between body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure. Two sets of cross-sectional data were obtained from annual health examinations for adults aged 40 years and over (n=1,327 in 1993; n=1,302 in 2000) in Tsunagi area of Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. BMI was associated with mean blood pressure and with prevalence of hypertension both in 1993 and 2000. The association was independent of age, smoking status and alcohol consumption. A significant increase in risk of hypertension was found in most categories of BMI 25.0 and above, and a greater than three fold increase in those with BMI of 27 and above compared with those with BMI of 18.5−22.9. Although mean blood pressure and prevalence of hypertension sharply decreased in 2000 compared with that in 1993, BMI was positively and independently associated with increased blood pressure.

The impact of ADL disability on depression symptoms in a community of Beijing elderly, China

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that ADL disability affects the risk of onset of depressive symptoms and the role of possible confounding variables in this relation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The data was obtained from the Beijing Longitudinal Study of Aging, a community-based cohort study of 3,257 elderly, aged 55 through 99 years, who were assessed four time at an 8-year interval. ADL disability and depressive symptoms were assessed by self-reported measures.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with non-disabled persons, the disabled persons were associated with an increased risk of onset depression (RR=7.28 for urban, R=2.22 for non-urban). Although an adjustment for possible confounders reduced the risk for depression association with the disability, the detrimental effect of disability remained significantly present. This excess risk is partly explained by the lower satisfation with economy and poor perceived health status of the disabled elderly.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Disability among elderly may significantly increase the risk for depressive symptoms.</p>

An evaluation of transition in functional states among the elderly in Beijing, China

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>The goal of the present study was to describe the changes in activities of daily living (ADL) of community-dwelling Beijing elderly people (n=3,257), observed for 8 years, and to identify the demographic characteristic that predict the functional change.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Two sets of interview data (1992 and 2000) were used to evaluate changes among the elderly in reports of limitation in ADL management.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The prevalence of disability increased over 8 years both in IADL and BADL disability. The patterns of ADLs change were bi-directional. A large proportion (74.7%) of the elderly were found to remain active in their functional states, 20.4% of the elderly declined, 3.4% of the elderly remained disabled, and 1.5% showed improvement in functional states. The transition rates from non-disability and disability states to various functional states showed different characteristic, a high disability rate accompanied a high mortality rate. The demographic factors that affected the level of disability among different kinds of population manifested similar trends.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Age was the most significant predictor for functional limitations. In addition, demographic variables played an important role in estimating functional outcomes. It is recommended that the demarcation factor for the evaluation of ADLs should be 75 years of age.</p>

An Evaluation of Transition in Functional States among the Elderly in Beijing, China

Objectives: The goal of the present study was to describe the changes in activities of daily living (ADL) of community-dwelling Beijing elderly people (n=3,257), observed for 8 years, and to identify the demographic characteristic that predict the functional change. Methods: Two sets of interview data (1992 and 2000) were used to evaluate changes among the elderly in reports of limitation in ADL management. Results: The prevalence of disability increased over 8 years both in IADL and BADL disability. The patterns of ADLs change were bi-directional. A large proportion (74.7%) of the elderly were found to remain active in their functional states, 20.4% of the elderly declined, 3.4% of the elderly remained disabled, and 1.5% showed improvement in functional states. The transition rates from non-disability and disability states to various functional states showed different characteristic, a high disability rate accompanied a high mortality rate. The demographic factors that affected the level of disability among different kinds of population manifested similar trends. Conclusion: Age was the most significant predictor for functional limitations. In addition, demographic variables played an important role in estimating functional outcomes. It is recommended that the demarcation factor for the evaluation of ADLs should be 75 years of age.

The Impact of ADL Disability on Depression Symptoms in a Community of Beijing Elderly, China

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that ADL disability affects the risk of onset of depressive symptoms and the role of possible confounding variables in this relation. Methods: The data was obtained from the Beijing Longitudinal Study of Aging, a community-based cohort study of 3,257 elderly, aged 55 through 99 years, who were assessed four times at an 8-year interval. ADL disability and depressive symptoms were assessed by self-reported measures. Results: Compared with non-disabled persons, the disabled persons were associated with an increased risk of onset depression (RR=7.28 for urban, R=2.22 for non-urban). Although an adjustment for possible confounders reduced the risk for depression association with the disability, the detrimental effect of disability remained significantly present. This excess risk is partly explained by the lower satisfation with economy and poor perceived health status of the disabled elderly. Conclusions: Disability among elderly may significantly increase the risk for depressive symptoms.